# randaut

The randaut tool generates random (connected) automata.

By default, it will generate a random automaton with 10 states, no acceptance sets, and using a set of atomic propositions you have to supply.

randaut a b --dot


As for randltl, you can supply a number of atomic propositions instead of giving a list of atomic propositions.

## States and density

The numbers of states can be controlled using the -Q option. This option will accept a range as argument, so for instance -Q3..6 will generate an automaton with 3 to 6 states.

The number of edges can be controlled using the -e (or --density) option. The argument should be a number between 0 and 1. In an automaton with $$Q$$ states and density $$e$$, the degree of each state will follow a normal distribution with mean $$1+(Q-1)d$$ and variance $$(Q-1)e(1-e)$$.

In particular -e0 will cause all states to have 1 successors, and -e1 will cause all states to be interconnected.

randaut -Q3 -e0 2 --dot


randaut -Q3 -e1 2 --dot


## Acceptance condition

The generation of the acceptance sets abn is controlled with the following four parameters:

• -A ACCEPTANCE (or --acceptance=ACCEPTANCE) controls both the acceptance condition, and the number of associated acceptance sets. The ACCEPTANCE argument is documented in --help as follows:
RANGE may have one of the following forms: 'INT', 'INT..INT', or '..INT'.
In the latter case, the missing number is assumed to be 1.

ACCEPTANCE may be either a RANGE (in which case generalized Büchi is
assumed), or an arbitrary acceptance formula such as 'Fin(0)|Inf(1)&Fin(2)' in
the same syntax as in the HOA format, or one of the following patterns:
none
all
Buchi
co-Buchi
generalized-Buchi RANGE
generalized-co-Buchi RANGE
Rabin RANGE
Streett RANGE
generalized-Rabin INT RANGE RANGE ... RANGE
parity (min|max|rand) (odd|even|rand) RANGE
random RANGE
random RANGE PROBABILITY
The random acceptance condition uses each set only once, unless a probability
(to reuse the set again every time it is used) is given.



When a range of the form $$i..j$$ is used, the actual value is taken as randomly between $$i$$ and $$j$$ (included).

• -a (or --acc-probability) controls the probability that any transition belong to a given acceptance set.
• -S (or --state-based-acceptance) requests that the automaton use state-based acceptance. In this case, -a is the probability that a state belong to the acceptance set. (Because Spot only deals with transition-based acceptance internally, this options force all transitions leaving a state to belong to the same acceptance sets. But if the output format allows state-based acceptance, it will be used.)
• --colored requests that each transition (of state if combined with -S) in the generated automaton should belong to exactly one set (in that case -a is ignored, and -A must be used to specify an acceptance condition with at least one set).

In addition, -B (or --ba) is a shorthand for -A1 -S, ans -s (or --spin) implies -B.

randaut -Q3 -e0.5 -A3 -a0.5 2 --dot


randaut -Q3 -e0.4 -B -a0.7 2 --dot


randaut -Q6 -e0.4 -S -a.2 -A 'Streett 1..3' 2 --dot


For generating random parity automata you should use the option --colored to make sure each transition (or state in the following example) belong to exactly one acceptance set. Note that you can specify a precise parity acceptance such as parity min even 3, or give randaut some freedom, as in this example.

randaut -Q10 -S --colored -A 'parity rand rand 3..4' 2 --dot


## Determinism

The output can only contain a single edge between two given states. By default, the label of this edge is a random assignment of all atomic propositions. Two edges leaving the same state may therefore have the same label.

If the -D (or --deterministic) option is supplied, the labels are generated differently: once the degree $$m$$ of a state has been decided, the algorithm will compute a set of $$m$$ disjoint Boolean formulas over the given atomic propositions, such that the sum of all these formulas is $$\top$$. The resulting automaton is therefore deterministic and complete.

randaut -D -Q3 -e0.6 -A2 -a0.5 2 --dot


Note that in a deterministic automaton with $$a$$ atomic propositions, it is not possible to have states with more than $$2^a$$ successors. If the combination of -e and -Q allows the situation where a state can have more than $$2^a$$ successors, the degree will be clipped to $$2^a$$. When working with random deterministic automata over $$a$$ atomic propositions, we suggest you always request more than $$2^a$$ states.

## Output formats

The output format can be controlled using the common output options like --hoaf, --dot=, --lbtt, and --spin. Note that --spin automatically implies --ba.

Automata are send to standard output by default, by you can use -o to give a filename, or even a pattern for filenames. For instance the following generates 20 automatas, but store them in different files according to the acceptance condition. The format %g represent the formula for the acceptance condition and would not make a nice filename, but %[s]g is a short name for that acceptance condition (its is replaced by "other" if Spot does not know better).

randaut -n20 -Q10 -A 'random 3' 2 -o 'randaut-%[s]g.hoa'
wc -l randaut-*.hoa

 53 randaut-Fin-less.hoa
177 randaut-Rabin-like.hoa
338 randaut-Streett-like.hoa
100 randaut-generalized-Buchi.hoa
43 randaut-generalized-Rabin.hoa
45 randaut-generalized-Streett.hoa
196 randaut-other.hoa
952 total



## Generating a stream of automata

Use option -n to specify a number of automata to build. A negative value will cause an infinite number of automata to be produced. This generation of multiple automata is useful when piped to another tool that can process automata in batches.

Here is an example were we use autfilt to scan an infinite stream (-n -1) of random parity automata for the first automaton (-n 1) that have exactly 5 SCCs of particular natures: we want 1 trivial SCC (i.e. an SCC with no cycle), 1 rejecting SCC (an SCC without any accepting SCCs), 2 inherently weak SCCs (SCCs contains only rejecting cycles) among which one should be weak (all transitions should belong to the same sets). This leaves us with one extra SCC that should necessarily mix accepting and rejecting cycles.

(Note: the '.' argument passed to --dot below hides default options discussed on another page, while 's' causes SCCs to be displayed.)

randaut -n -1 --colored -A'parity min odd 4' a b |
autfilt --sccs=5 --trivial-sccs=1 --rejecting-sccs=1 \
--inherently-weak-sccs=2 --weak-sccs=1 -n 1 --dot=.s


You should be able to find each of the expected type of SCCs in the above picture. The green rectangles mark the three SCCs that contain some accepting cycles.